Organised crime in Africa

Black Axe puzzle in South Africa: layers of criminal culpability

This paper explores Black Axe's role in South African crime, showing how autonomous individuals and syndicates utilise organisational networks rather than centralised direction.

29 / 10 / 2025 by Ndubuisi Christian Ani

Human trafficking

Voluntariness: women on the victim-offender spectrum in organised crime

Current trafficking laws inadequately address women who transition from victims to perpetrators within criminal networks.

25 / 09 / 2025 by Nasreen Solomons & Harsha Gihwala

Mining and extractives

Poverty fuels child labour at Nigeria’s illegal oil refineries

Children volunteer or are encouraged by seeing the benefits that peers and adults derive from this dangerous work.

Human trafficking

Trafficking in women in West and North Africa and towards Europe

Criminal networks exploit women through deceptive recruitment, digital control and regional trafficking for sexual exploitation across Africa and Europe.

13 / 06 / 2025