The high demand for sand is fueling trafficking and organised crime that threaten the country’s coastal ecosystems.
While artisanal gold mining supports millions of livelihoods across the region, inadequate legal frameworks enable organised criminal activities throughout the sector.
This paper explores the changing dynamics of transnational organised crime in Kaduna, Katsina and Zamfara mining communities.
Through the lens of communities experiencing insurgency, this paper unpacks the drivers of instability and conflict in Northern Mozambique.
The country’s government needs a multi-pronged approach to target the well-resourced sponsors and agents benefitting from illegal mining.
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