Mining and extractives

Poverty fuels child labour at Nigeria’s illegal oil refineries

Children volunteer or are encouraged by seeing the benefits that peers and adults derive from this dangerous work.

Mining and extractives

Informality and criminality in East Africa’s gold trade

While artisanal gold mining supports millions of livelihoods across the region, inadequate legal frameworks enable organised criminal activities throughout the sector.

01 / 07 / 2025 by Willis Okumu & Halkano Wario

Mining and extractives

Armed groups and illicit economies in Nigeria

This paper explores the changing dynamics of transnational organised crime in Kaduna, Katsina and Zamfara mining communities.

22 / 01 / 2025 by ENACT

Organised crime in Africa

Insurgency, organised crime and resource exploitation in Cabo Delgado

Through the lens of communities experiencing insurgency, this paper unpacks the drivers of instability and conflict in Northern Mozambique.

18 / 12 / 2024 by Anneli Botha